NADPH, a directly operating antioxidant ABSTRACT Endogenous oxygen- and nitrogen-centered free radicals are considered to play a decisive role in a variety of diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, or cancer. Directly operating antioxidants limit the action of freely diffusing radicals by scavenging the attacking, oxidizing radical and rereducing the oxidized biomolecule, i.e., the biomolecule-…
NADNADH and NADPNADPH in Cellular Functions and ABSTRACT Accumulating evidence has suggested that NAD (including NAD and NADH) and NADP (including NADP and NADPH) could belong to the fundamental common mediators of various biological processes, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions, calcium homeostasis, antioxidation/generation of oxidative stress, gene expression, immunological functions, aging, and cell death: First,…
The malate–aspartate NADH shuttle Recent studies suggest that increased mitochondrial metabolism and the concomitant decrease in NADH levels mediate calorie restriction (CR)-induced life span extension. The mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and NADH, and it is unclear how CR relays increased mitochondrial metabolism to multiple cellular pathways that…
Nadh_Sensor of blood flow need ABSTRACT The sensor for blood-flow need with neural activity and exercise is not known. We tested the hypothesis that accumulation of electrons in cytosolic free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) activates redox signaling pathways to augment blood flow. NAD is the primary carrier of electrons from glucose and lactate for ATP…
NADH Shuttle and Insulin Secretion In their report (1), Eto et al. hypothesize that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is the signal for the coupling of glycolytic and mitochondrial glucose metabolism that triggers insulin secretion. Their conclusions, based on their innovative and meticulous experiments, do not consider the possibility that the glycolytic end-product in the cytosol…
nadh and calcium As an important second messenger, calcium triggers a broad range of energy-consuming cellular reactions like contraction, secretion and gene expression (Clapham, 1995; Berridge et al. 1998; Brini & Carafoli, 2000). To match the increased energy demand, calcium simultaneously upregulates the rates of NADH production and ATP synthesis (McCormack et al. 1990; Hajnoczky…
NAD and NADH in Neuronal Death Abstract Neuronal death is a key pathological event in multiple neurological diseases. Increasing evidence has suggested that NAD+ and NADH mediate not only energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions, but also calcium homeostasis, aging, and cell death. This article is written to provide an overview about the information suggesting significant…
NAD and NADH in brain functions, brain diseases and brain aging 1. ABSTRACT Numerous studies have suggested that NAD+ and NADH mediate multiple major biological processes, including calcium homeostasis, energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions, cell death and aging. In particular, NAD+ and NADH have emerged as novel, fundamental regulators of calcium homeostasis. It appears that most…
In Vivo Analysis of the Mechanisms for Oxidation of Cytosolic NADH During respiratory glucose dissimilation, eukaryotes produce cytosolic NADH via glycolysis. This NADH has to be reoxidized outside the mitochondria, because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this may involve external NADH dehydrogenases (Nde1p or Nde2p) and/or a glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle…
Energy dependence of restitution in the gastric mucosa Cheng, Aaron M., Sarah W. Morrison, David X. Yang, and Susan J. Hagen. Energy dependence of restitution in the gastric mucosa. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281: C430–C438, 2001.—Rapid epithelial repair (restitution) after injury is required to maintain barrier function of the gastrointestinal mucosa and skin and…